Python Tips

Using __slots__ = () inside a class will prevent its attributes to be changed. [ref]

Only for Python3, 3 different types of raising Exception:

Normal Exception (Not expected to have another exception while handling an exception)

  try: raise Exception("Error")
  except Exception as e: raise Exception("Error while handling Exception")

Cause of Exception (The second exception is expected to happen while handling an exception)

  try: raise Exception("Error")
  except Exception as e: raise Exception("Different Exception") from e

Only show last Exception (Ignoring the first exception)

  try: raise Exception("Error")
  except Exception as e: raise Exception("Different error") from None